平板式光生物反应器中紫球藻培养条件的优化

研究了平板式光生物反应器中紫球藻(Porphyridium cruentumNaegeli)的培养条件,运用均匀设计法对光照强度、通气速率、装液量、接种密度以及pH等影响紫球藻生长的因素进行优化,获得了在平板式光生物反应器中培养紫球藻的最佳条件:光照强度10 000 lx、通气速率350 L.h-1、装液量6 L、藻细胞接种密度1.1×106mL-1、pH9.0。在最佳条件下藻体的生物量产率和生物量产量分别达到0.431 g.L-1.d-1和3.240 g.L-1,最大生长速率达0.652 g.L-1.d-1,胞外多糖含量高达0.665 g.L-1。另外,在培养过程中隔天补充培养液有利于紫球藻生物量的增加和胞外多糖的产生。     

响应面方法优化菊粉酶液体发酵培养基的研究

目的：为提高菊粉酶的产量。方法：运用Plackett-Burman设计法和响应面分析法,对Kluyveromyces S120液体发酵生产菊粉酶的培养基进行了优化。首先通过Plackett-Burman方法对8个相关影响因素的效应进行评价,并筛选出了有显著正效应的菊芋粉、玉米浆、(NH_4)H_2PO_4等三个因素,其他五个因素没有显著影响。然后根据Box-Behnken的中心组合设计实验和响应面分析方法确定了上述三个主要影响因素的最佳浓度。结果：在优化培养基下,菊粉酶产量为102．82u/mL,是优化前的2．1倍。     

Life Cycle Tools within Ford of Europe's Product Sustainability Index. Case Study Ford S-MAX & Ford Galaxy (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Sustainability is a well recognised goal which is difficult to manage due to its complexity. As part of a series of sustainability management tools, a Product Sustainability Index (PSI) is translating the sustainability aspects to the organization of vehicle product development of Ford of Europe, thus allocating ownership and responsibility to that function. PSI is limiting the scope to those key environmental, social and economic characteristics of passenger vehicles that are controllable by the product development organisation. Materials and Methods: The PSI considers environmental, economic and social aspects based on externally reviewed life cycle environmental and cost aspects (Life Cycle Assessment, Cost of ownership / Life Cycle Costing), externally certified aspects (allergy-tested interior) and related aspects as sustainable materials, safety, mobility capability and noise. After the kick-off of their product development in 2002, the new Ford S-MAX and Ford Galaxy are serving as a pilot for this tool. These products are launched in Europe in 2006. The tracking of PSI performance has been done by engineers of the Vehicle Integration department within the product development organization. The method has been translated in an easy spreadsheet tool. Engineers have been trained within one hour trainings. The application of PSI by vehicle integration followed the principle to reduce the need for any incremental time or additional data to a minimum. PSI is adopted to the existing decision-making process. End of 2005, an internal expert conducted a Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) study for verification purposes using commercial software. This study and the PSI have been scrutinized by an external review panel according to ISO14040 and, by taking into consideration the on-going SETAC, work in the field of LCC. Results: The results of the Life Cycle based indicators of PSI as calculated by non-experts are fully in line with those of the more detailed expert study. The difference is below 2%. The new Ford Galaxy and Ford S-MAX shows significantly improved performance regarding the life cycle air quality, use of sustainable materials, restricted substances and safety compared to the previous model Galaxy. The affordability (Life Cycle Cost of Ownership) has also been improved when looking at the same engine types. Looking at gasoline versus diesel options, the detailed study shows under what conditions the diesel options are environmentally preferable and less costly (mileage, fuel prices, etc.). Discussion: The robustness of results has been verified in various ways. Based also on Sensitivity and Monte-Carlo Analysis, case study-specific requirements have been deduced defining criteria for a significant environmental improvement between the various vehicles. Only if the differences of LCIA results between two vehicles are larger than a certain threshold are the above-mentioned results robust. Conclusions: In general terms, an approach has been implemented and externally reviewed that allows non-experts to manage key environmental, social and economic aspects in the product development, also on a vehicle level. This allows mainstream functions to take ownership of sustainability and assigns accountability to those who can really decide on changes affecting the sustainability performance. In the case of Ford S-MAX and Galaxy, indicators from all three dimensions of sustainability (environment, social and economic) have been improved compared to the old Ford Galaxy. Recommendations and Perspectives: Based on this positive experience, it is recommended to make, in large or multinational organizations, the core business functions directly responsible and accountable for managing their own part of environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainability. Staff functions should be limited to starting the process with methodological and training support and making sure that the contributions of the different main functions fit together.     

Life Cycle Assessment of a Personal Computer and its Effective Recycling Rate (7 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Telecommunication and information technology, dramatically emerged during the last decade, has generated environmental problems by accelerating mass production, mass consumption, and mass disposal of personal computers (PCs) in Korea. In addition, it has led the Korean new economy. The Korean government has encouraged researchers and industry to study the environmental impact, adequate disposal treatment, and the reasonable recycling rate of an end-of-life personal computer. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the life cycle environmental impact of PCs and to determine the desirable or feasible recycle rate of an end-of-life PC. An LCA on a PC was performed based on different recycling scenario. Target audiences are new product developers, designers, product recovery managers and environmental policy makers who are interested in the environmental impact of PCs and recycling of end-of-life products. Methods A target product is a Pentium IV personal computer made in Korea in 2001, excluding the monitor and peripheral equipment. The procedure of the LCA followed the ISO14040 series. System boundary includes the entire life cycle of the product, including pre-manufacturing (the electrical parts and components manufacturing), manufacturing, transportation, use, and disposal. The LCI and impact assessment database for a PC was constructed using SIMAPRO version 4.0 software and LCI information was compiled by site-specific data and the Korean national database. The LCA was performed on different recycling scenarios: one being that of the current recycling rate of 46%, and the other being the ideal condition of a 100% recycling rate. Results and Discussion Abiotic depletion, global warming, ecotoxicity, human toxicity, acidification, ozone layer depletion, photo-oxidant formation, and eutrophication are adopted as the impact categories. The pre-manufacturing stage was a significant stage for all of the environmental parameters, besides human toxicity potential. PC manufacturing consists of rather simple processes such as assembly and packaging. For improving the environmental performance of PCs, environmental management approaches of design for the environment and green procurement are recommended. The use stage had a significant potential due to the electricity consumption produced by burning fossil fuel. The disposal stage's contribution to environmental impact was largest in human toxicity, and second largest in ozone layer depletion potential. The PC recycling was shown to inhibit all environmental impacts with the exception of the ozone depletion and ecotoxicity potential. The increase of light oil, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and deoxidating agent consumption during the recycling process contributes to the environmental impact of ozone and ecotoxicity parameters. Current recovery and recycling technologies should be taken into account for enhancing the benefits of recycling. Anyway, the effectiveness of recycling was highlighted by this study. PC recycling reduces the total environmental impact of the product. The PC recycling is recommended to be raised up to at least 63% in order to reduce the environmental burdens of a PC in other life cycle stages. Conclusion and Recommendation This study implies that design for the environment (DfE) in the product design stage and green procurement are recommended for improving the entire environmental performance of electronic equipment such as PCs. The recycling of waste PCs clearly reduces the environmental burden. There are, however, trade-offs among environmental parameters according to the PC recycling rate. Current recycling methods are not effective in reducing ozone depletion and ecotoxicity environmental impact. The product recovery is another key for efficient recycling. Efficient reverse logistics to collect and transport end-of-life PCs should be taken into account to enhance recycling effects. There were several electrical parts not included in this assessment, due to the unavailability of adequate data. Further studies with more detail and reliable inventories for electrical parts and sub-components are recommended. Furthermore, costs of recycling should also be treated in further research.     

Metallopeptide-promoted inactivation of angiotensin-converting enzyme and endothelin-converting enzyme 1: toward dual-action therapeutics

A series of metallopeptides based on the amino terminal copper/nickel (ATCUN) binding motif have been evaluated as classical inhibitors and catalytic inactivators of both rabbit and human angiotensin-converting enzyme (hACE), and human endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (hECE-1). The cobalt complex [KGHK–Co(NH₃)₂]²⁺, where KGHK is lysylglycylhistidyllysine, displayed similar K _I and IC₅₀ values to those found for [KGHK–Cu]⁺, in spite of the enhanced charge, and so either the influence of charge is offset by the steric influence of the axially coordinated ammine ligands, or binding is dominated by contributions from the amino acid side chains, especially the C-terminal lysine that mimics the binding pattern observed for lisinopril. Moreover, the inhibition observed for [KGHK–Co(NH₃)₂]²⁺ contrasts with the activation of hACE by Co²⁺(aq), reflecting the stimulation of enzyme activity following replacement of the catalytic zinc cofactor by cobalt ion at each of the two active sites. Quantitative analysis of the dose-dependent stimulation of activity by Co²⁺(aq) yielded apparent affinities of 1.3 ± 0.2 and 56 ± 8 μM for the two sites in the presence of saturating Zn²⁺ (10 μM). Catalytic inactivation of hACE by [KGHK–Cu] ⁺ at subsaturating concentrations had previously been characterized, with k _obs = 2.9 ± 0.5 × 10⁻² min⁻¹. Under similar conditions, the same complex is found to catalytically inactivate hECE-1, with k _obs = 2.12 ± 0.16 × 10⁻² min⁻¹, demonstrating the potential for dual-action activity against two key drug targets in cardiovascular disease. Irreversible inactivation of a drug target represents a novel mechanism of drug action that complements existing classical inhibitor strategies that underlie current drug discovery efforts.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available to authorized users in the online version of this article at .     

羊胎免疫调节因子制造工艺研究

目的:优选出羊胎免疫调节因子提取的最佳工艺。方法:采用正交实验设计L8(27),以淋巴细胞转化实验为考察指标进行实验,对提取过程中的6个指标进行了优化,确定了最佳提取工艺。结果:羊胎免疫调节因子最佳提取工艺为A1B2C2D1E2F2,即2月龄内羊胎粉碎10 m in,加1:4双蒸水常温下8000 r.m in-1离心后10K超滤膜超滤即得。     

粽管巢蛛和拟水狼蛛对稻纵卷叶螟和稻褐飞虱捕食作用研究

应用二次正交旋转组合设计方法建立粽管巢蛛和拟水狼蛛对稻纵卷叶螟和稻褐飞虱捕食作用的数学模型。结果表明,粽管巢蛛是稻纵卷叶螟的重要天敌,粽管巢蛛和拟水狼蛛均是稻褐飞虱的重要天敌。当稻褐飞虱密度较高时,随着蜘蛛密度的增加,由于蜘蛛之间的干扰作用,导致稻褐飞虱被捕食量下降。     

生物成长记录袋的设计与评价

促进学生成长,已成为新课程推进与实施的关键,通过建立“学生成长记录袋“对学生实施全面综合性评价.介绍了学生生物学科“成长记录袋“的设计、使用和评价的一些情况.     

Multi-proxy studies in palaeolimnology

Multi-proxy studies are becoming increasingly common in palaeolimnology. Eight basic requirements and challenges for a multi-proxy study are outlined in this essay – definition of research questions, leadership, site selection and coring, data storage, chronology, presentation of results, numerical tools and data interpretation. The nature of proxy data is discussed in terms of physical proxies and biotic proxies. Loss-on-ignition changes and the use of transfer functions are reviewed as examples of problems in the interpretation of data from multi-proxy studies. The importance of pollen analysis and plant macrofossil analysis in multi-proxy studies is emphasised as lake history cannot be interpreted without knowledge of catchment history. Future directions are outlined about how multi-proxy studies can contribute to understanding biotic responses to environmental change.     

Stepwise identification of potent antimicrobial peptides from human genome

The increasing incidence of hospital acquired infections caused by antibiotic resistant pathogens has led to an increase in morbidity and mortality, finding alternative antibiotics unaffected by resistance mechanisms is fundamentally important for treating this problem. Naturally occurring proteins usually carry short peptide fragments that exhibit noticeable biological activity against a wide variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Traditional discovery of such antimicrobially active fragments (i.e. antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) from protein repertoire is either random or led by chance. Here, we report the use of a rational protocol that combines in silico prediction and in vitro assay to identify potential AMPs with high activity and low toxicity from the entire human genome. In the procedure, a three-step inference strategy is first proposed to perform genome-wide analysis to infer AMPs in a high-throughput manner. By employing this strategy we are able to screen more than one million peptide candidates generated from various human proteins, from which we identify four highly promising samples, and subsequently their antibacterial activity on five strains as well as cytotoxicity on human myoblasts are tested experimentally. As a consequence, two high-activity, low-toxicity peptides are discovered, which could be used as the structural basis to further develop new antibiotics. In addition, from 1491 known AMPs we also derive a quantitative measure called antibacterial propensity index (API) for 20 naturally occurring amino acids, which shows a significant allometric correlation with the theoretical minimal inhibitory concentration of putative peptides against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study may provide a proof-of-concept paradigm for the genome-wide discovery of novel antimicrobial peptides by using a combination of in silico and in vitro analyses.